- Solfeggio 741Hz Musica para Limpiar tu Cuerpo de Energías Negativas y Purificar tus Células - 432Hz, thanks to Musicoterapia
- Heart Opening: Chakra Balancing (Binaural Beats), thanks to Gaia Meditation | 30 minutes
1. district priorities (eliminating a particular socioeconomic imbalance, for instance) ... https://www2.ed.gov/admins/comm/choice/magnet/report_pg7.html
2. district's priorities
Goal 2: The superintendent will align the District's priorities and resources through a community-involved planning process implemented through focused action plans with regular progress reports.
3. district's priorities for student assignment
People understood the problems associated with concentrating "under-served" students in the same school, but they also pointed to the challenges of both achieving and supporting diversity at school sites. Parents noted that schools that are currently academically and ethnically diverse struggle to serve the complex needs of their students. Most participants questioned whether any of the options would achieve this goal and asked why the district's priorities for student assignment did not address improving schools.
4. District Priorities
.... district leaders can turn federal grant budgets into a much more powerful tool for student achievement and use them to help fund many of the district's strategic priorities. ....
The complexity, silo-like management, and relative lack of visibility can lead to federal dollars being used well from a legal standpoint, but not from a strategic standpoint. Many districts have a wide range of grant-specific programs in place that are not as connected to one another, or to ^district priorities^, as they would be if the funding strategies were managed centrally by leaders charged with comprehensive district improvement. ...
Each major grant program is typically run by a separate manager, and as a result, it is difficult for many managers to resist "silo thinking." They lose the capacity to see or value a tight connection between "my grant program" and "the district priorities." The "silo thinking" is exacerbated by their sense of responsibility to ensure that "their grant program" complies with all federal and state requirements, including "allowable use" of funds, "maintenance of efforts," "supplement, not supplant," and reporting.
IDEA, the federal grant related to special education, offers districts several opportunities to integrate, coordinate, and align grant activities with district priorities:
5. district priorities:
... Non-autonomous principals reported a misalignment between school and district priorities and limited district support for improving school functioning.
6. Shifting Resources Strategically to Fund District Priorities
Collecting more detailed and better data than is typically collected during budget planning can reveal a surprising amount of resources for free up for district priorities. ....
This was the case for a district with around 5,000 students. Targets for staffing and class size were established, and most schools were living within these targets. Over time, however, student enrollment had shifted at certain schools and in certain grades, but staffing had remained fairly constant. When students moved, the schools they left did not adjust their staffing, but the schools to which the students moved were allocated more staff. Then when the district leaders reviewed staffing each year, they looked at the district's average class size, which appeared to be well within their class-size targets. Even the average across each school indicated the schools were operating within district targets. Only when district leaders looked at class sizes room by room, grade by grade, and school by school did they identify specific grades at specific schools that were well outside the targets. Even though these accounted for less than 10% of all classrooms in the district, adjustments to these resulted in savings of almost $500,000 which was then redirected toward other district priorities. This example highlights the importance of analyzing the data on a more granular level. It also demonstrates that opportunities can be found even in a tightly managed district, and that sizeable savings can result from relatively small adjustments. ... https://www.dmgroupk12.com/docmanlinks/5-dmj-18-shifting-resources-strategically-to-fund-district-priorities/file
This is a reproduction, with my own fingers, of these kind talks of wisdom by Tom Montalk in order to reread it deep in my mind.
출처: Nicolas Wanostrocht, "A Grammar of the French Language, with Practical Exercises" Richardson & Lord, 1831.
e북: https://archive.org/details/agrammarfrenchl00frangoog/page/n4
lose:
a) to fail to see, hear, or understand:
b) to fail to keep in sight, mind, or existence.
1. Solfeggio 741Hz + 417Hz With Water Sounds (by Harmony of the Mind)
Death is nothing at all. It does not count. I have only slipped away into the next room. Nothing has happened. Everything remains exactly as it was. I am I, and you are you, and the old life that we lived so fondly together is untouched, unchanged. Whatever we were to each other, that we are still. Call me by the old familiar name. Speak of me in the easy way which you always used. Put no difference into your tone. Wear no forced air of solemnity or sorrow. Laugh as we always laughed at the little jokes that we enjoyed together. Play, smile, think of me, pray for me. Let my name be ever the household word that it always was. Let it be spoken without an effort, without the ghost of a shadow upon it. Life means all that it ever meant. It is the same as it ever was. There is absolute and unbroken continuity. What is this death but a negligible accident? Why should I be out of mind because I am out of sight? I am but waiting for you, for an interval, somewhere very near, just round the corner. All is well.
- "Tibetan Om Chanting" : 432 Hz + Theta Brainwaves Binaural Beats (By Gaia Meditation)
- Aurora 285 Solfeggio + Theta 4 Hz binaural beats (by Ambient Dharma)
- Solfeggio 174 Hz : Pain Relief, Pure Tone Sleep Music (by Meditative Mind). 9H
5. Theta (by Gaia Meditation)
- Pure Theta Waves Binaural Beats (4 Hz), Deep Meditation:
3. Gamma (by Gaia Meditation)
- Pure Gamma Waves (40 Hz) Isochronic Tones to Improve Focus and Learning:
1. Alpha (by Gaia Meditation)
- Pure Alpha Waves Binaural (10 Hz), Relaxation:
- All 9 Solfeggio's: 174 Hz, 285 Hz, 396 Hz, 417 Hz, 528 Hz, 639 Hz, 741 Hz, 852Hz, 963 Hz
1. The Magdalene Codes Activation II (by Stella with Craig Pruess. December 2017. 432Hz)
On Sep 4 around 0h ~ 1h AM, a short-lived and strong but quite uncomfortable & unfamilliar oscillation was felt in an inner area of the frontal part in my brain. It's near the inside part between the eyebrows. It was a strange experience first ever felt.
자료: http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~cs787-1/GaleShapley.pdf
※ 발췌 (excerpt):
A certain community consists of n men and n women. Each person ranks those of the opposite sex in accordance with his or her preferences for a marriage partner. We seek a satisfactory way of marrying off all members of the community. Imitating our earlier definition, we call a set of marriages ^unstable^ (and here the suitability of the term is quite clear) if under it there are a man and a woman who are not married to each other but prefer each other to their actual mates.
Question: For any pattern of preferences is it possible to find a stable set of marriages?
Before giving the answer let us look at some examples.
Example 1. The following is the "ranking matrix" of three men α, β, and γ, and three women, A, B, an C.
A B C
α (1, 3) (2, 2) (3, 1)
β (3, 1) (1, 3) (2, 2)
γ (2, 2) (3, 1) (1, 3)
The first number of each pair in the matrix gives the ranking of women by the men, the second number is the ranking of the men by the women. Thus, α ranks first A, B second, C third, while A ranks β first, γ second, and α third, etc.
There are six possible sets of marriages; of these three are stable. ( ... ... )
Example 2. The ranking matrix is the following.
( ... ... )
Example 3. A problem similar to the marriage problem is the "problem of the roommates." An even number of boys wish to divide up into pairs of roommates. A set of parings is called ^stable^ if under it there are no two boys who are not roommates and who prefer each other to their actual roommates. An easy example shows that there can be situations in which there exists no stable pairing. Namely, consider boys α, β, γ and δ, where α ranks β first, β ranks γ first, γ ranks α first, and α, β and γ all rank δ last. Then regardless of δ's preferences there can be no stable pairing, for whoever has to room with δ will want to move out, and one of the other two will be willing to take him in.
The above examples would indicate that the solution to the stability problem is not immediately evident. Nevertheless,
Theorem 1. ^There always exists a stable set of marriages.^
^Proof.^ We shall prove existence by giving an iterative procedure for actually finding a stable set of marriages.
To start, let each boy propose to his favorite girl. Each girl who receives more than one proposal rejects all but her favorite from among those who have proposed to her. However, she does not accept him yet, but keeps him on a string to allow for the possibility that someone better may come along later.
We are now ready for the second stage. Those boys who were rejected now propose to their second choices. Each girl receiving proposals chooses her favorite from the group consisting of the new proposers and they boy on her string, if any. She rejects all the rest and again keeps the favorite in suspense.
We proceed in the same manner. Those who are rejected at the second stage propose to their next choices, and the girls again reject all but the best proposal they have had so far.
Eventually (in fact, in at most n^2 -2n + 2 stages) every girl will have received a proposal, for as long as any girl has not been proposed to there will be rejections and new proposals, but since no boy can propose to the same girl more than once, every girl is sure to get a proposal in due time. As soon as the last girl gets her proposal the "courtship" is declared over, and each girl is now required to accept the boy on her string.
We assert that this set of marriages is stable. Namely, suppose John and Marry are not married to each other but John prefers Mary to his own wife. Then John must have proposed to Mary at some stage and subsequently been rejected in favor of someone that Mary liked better. It is now clear that Mary must prefer her husband to John and there is no instability.
The reader may amuse himself by applying the procedure of the proof to solve the problems of Examles 1 and 2, or the following example [3] which requires ten iterations:
( ... ... )
It is clear that there is an entirely symmetrical procedure, with girls proposing to boys, which must also lead to a stable set of marriages. The two solutions are not generally the same as shown by Example 1; indeed, we shall see in a moment that when boys propose, the result is optimal for the boys, and when the girls propose it is optimal for the girls. The solution by two procedures will be the same only when there is a unique stable set of marriages.
4. Stable Assignments and the Admissions Problem.s ( ... ... )
* * *
Example 3:
A B C D
α 1,3 2,2 3,1 4,3
β 1,4 2,3 3,2 4,4
γ 3,1 1,4 2,3 4,2
δ 2,2 3,1 1,4 4,1
1st: α(A), β(A), γ(B), δ(C) → A(α,β), B(γ), C(δ), D(-), β(rejected)
2nd: β(B) → A(α), B(γ,β), C(δ), D(-), γ(rejected)
3rd: γ(C) → A(α), B(β), C(δ,γ), D(-), δ(rejected)
4th: δ(A) → A(α,δ), B(β), C(γ), D(-), α(rejected)
5th: α(B) → A(δ), B(β,α), C(γ), D(-), β(rejected)
6th: β(C) → A(δ), B(α), C(γ,β), D(-), γ(rejected)
7th: γ(A) → A(δ,γ), B(α), C(β), D(-), δ(rejected)
8th: δ(B) → A(γ), B(α,δ), C(β), D(-), α(rejected)
9th: α(C) → A(γ), B(δ), C(β,α), D(-), β(rejected)
10th: β(D) → A(γ), B(δ), C(α), D(β) -
출처: Martin O'Neill and Shepley Orr 편집, Taxation: Philosophical Perspectives, Oxford University Press, 2018년 8월 7일.
자료: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/taxation-9780199609222?cc=kr&lang=en&promocode=AAFLYG6
* * *
차례
Introduction, Martin O'Neill and Shepley Orr
Part I. On the Tax System: Normative and Conceptual Questions
지은이: Kevin Carson
제목: Exodus: General Idea of the Revolution in the 21st Century
출처 1: http://kevinacarson.org/publication/exodus/
출처 2: https://exodus875.wordpress.com/
─. Doughnut Economics by Kate Raworth
Dirk H. Ehnts and Fritz Helmerdag, "The Present State of Economics: Errors and Omissions Excepted,"
in Post-Crash Economics, Plurality and Heterodox Ideas in Teaching and Research. 2018. pp. 149-172.
https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/wirtschaft/vwl2/downloads/paper/helmedag/The%20Present%20State%20of%20Economics.pdf
─. 이전 검색: http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2017/09/louis-bachelier-and-random-walk.html
─. 발췌: Jim Holt, "A Random Walk with Louis Bachelier" (The New York Review of Books, Oct 24 2013)
While he was a doctoral student in mathematics at the Sorbonne, Bachelier derived his financial model by considering the movement of bond prices on the Paris Bourse.
His striking conclusion was that such prices followed what came to be known as a “random walk”: buffeted by unpredictable bits of breaking news, they meandered in a way that was impossible to foretell. This is the nub of what is today called the Efficient Market Hypothesis
─. 발췌: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bachelier
Dans sa thèse de doctorat intitulée « Théorie de la spéculation », de son directeur de thèse Henri Poincaré, soutenue le 29 mars 1900 à la Sorbonne de Paris, il introduit l'utilisation en finance du mouvement brownien (découvert par le biologiste botaniste Robert Brown), ... ...
─. 발췌: Jean-Michel Courtault, Youri Kabanov, Bernard Bru, Pierre Crepel, Isabelle Lebon, et al.. Louis Bachelier On the centenary of Théorie de la Spéculation. Mathematical Finance, Wiley, 2000, 10 (3),
pp.339-353.
The date March 29, 1900, should be considered as the birthdate of mathematical finance: on this day French postgraduate student Louis Bachelier successfully defended at Sorbonne his thesis Théorie de la Spéculation. ( ... ... )
After the military service, having in total a four-year interruption of his studies, Louis Bachelier arrived in Paris to continue his university education at Sorbonne. Scarce information is available about these years. ( ... ... )
─. 발췌: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bachelier
Bachelier arrived in Paris in 1892 to study at the Sorbonne, where his grades were less than ideal.
Defended on March 29, 1900 at the University of Paris,[2] Bachelier's thesis was not well received because it attempted to apply mathematics to an unfamiliar area for mathematicians.[3] However, his instructor, Henri Poincaré, is recorded as having given some positive feedback (though socially insufficient for finding an immediate teaching position in France at that time).
[2]의 출처: https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/images/f/f1/LouisBACHELIER.pdf
( ... ... ) but his father's death forced him to interrupt his studies. He took them up again at the age of 22, and was successful in obtaining an undistinguished Bachelor's degree in Paris in October 1895. He then defended his doctoral thesis, entitiled “Théorie de la Spéculation” and written under the supervision of Enri Poincaré, on 29 March 1900 ( ... ... )
출처 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow
※ 발췌 (excerpt):
( ... ... ) During his doctoral studies at Johns Hopkins University, Jastrow worked with C. S. Peirce on experiments in psychophysics that introduced randomization and blinding for a repeated measures design. ( ... ... )
The Peirce-Jastrow experiment is increasingly recognized as the first properly randomized experiment, which led to psychology (and education) having laboratories for and textbooks on randomized experiments (decades before Ronald A. Fisher).
출처 2: Charles Sander Peirce and Joseph Jastrow (1885). "On the Small Differences in Sensation," First published in Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 3, 73-83.
Presented 17 October 1884
출처: Owen Davies, Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736-1951,
※ 발췌 (excerpt):
p.287~ :
( ... ... ) In terms of personal sickness, insuranace conver began to have a social impact only from the early 20th century onwards. The first general accident and sickness insurance policy was available in 1900 and proved popular among the self-employed. The growth of the popular insurance market undoubtedly contributed to a general easing of the severity of misfortune in terms of agricultural production and personal health. ( ... ... )
The social transformation that have just been outlined led to the creation of the following five interrelated circumstances, which effectively hampered the mechanisms that had produced accusations of witchcraft within any given community, and ultimately resulted in the declining belief in witchcraft.
Communal instability
Witchcraft accusations were generated in a social environment where there was a considerable degree of long-term social stability, and where there was an intimacy of association in which one person's affairs were the affairs of the whole community. ( ... ... ) Those bonds of intimacy and association that bound the community together in terms of work and leisure, unified it with a sense of a shared past and present, gradually fell away with the decline of the barter economy, the advent of mechanisation, and as a result of the rupture this brought about between all levels of rural society. With the exodus of the young and the death of the old, with the break-up of estates, the increasing turnover of tenancies and the influx of newcomers, the stream of inherited oral tradition ran dry. ( ... ... )
Decline of self-governance and the intrusion of state and local government
( ... ... )
p. 294~ :
The experience of misfortune has changed profoundly in our predominantly urban, welfare society. Once the state began to provide more securities in life, such as pensions, unemployment benefits, national insurance and subsidies, and with the extension of universal suffrage and basic human rights, not only was the scope and impact of misfortune mitigated, but blame for the experience of misfortune began to be apportioned to the failures of these welfare mechanisms. In our modern social climate, people are far more aware of the national and global factors influencing their lives in political, economic and environmental terms. While financial hardship no longer results from the death of a pig or a cow, for instance, the reduction of European subsidies constitutes a serious case of misfortune for farmers. As a result, the bureaucrats in Brussels rather than village witches are now the scapegoats in farming communities. Nevertheless, although the actions of the mass of the people are no longer strongly bound by occult forces, they continue to maintain a variety of observances to ward off misfortune. However, such practices are no longer employed against individuals who emanate supernatural malign influence, but against an impersonal, abstract conception of bad luck. Many people also retain a fascination with the professed ability to interpret occult forces. The belief in fortune-telling continues, for instance, because it functions as a means of assuaging personal insecurities about the future. The expression of these insecurities may have changed over the centuries, but the fundamental fear of being hurt, emotionally or financially, will always lead people to seek comfort in the realm of magic.
In other words, the popular belief in the supernatural has continued by a process of adaptation to changing perceptions of the world. Thus the inexplicable, violent movement of objects, supernatural stone-throwing and bed-rocking, which were once attributed to witchcraft, are now seriously explained in terms of poltergeist activity. Is the former explanation any more 'irrational' than the latter? And although few people still believe in fairies and fairy abduction, many now believe in UFOs, egg-headed aliens, and alien abduction. Stories of such encounters are probably as widely deliberated in modern mass culture as stories of fairies were in the old rural culture. ( ... ... )
※ 발췌: 출처, "G In The Air," in his Maltese Falcon
─ 1. 우화의 시작:
( ... ... )
A man named Flitcraft had left his real-estate-office, in Tacoma, to go to luncheon one day and had never returned. He did not keep an engagement to play golf after four that afternoon, though he had taken the initiative in making the engagement less than half an hour before he went out to luncheon. His wife and children never saw him again. His wife and he were supposed to be on the best of terms. He had two children, boys, one five and the other three. He owned his house in a Tacoma suburb, a new Packard, and the rest of the appurtenances of successful American living.
( ... ... )
(Spade put the telephoe down and told her: “He'll be up in a few minutes.) Well, that was in 1922. In 1927 I was with one of the big detective agencies in Seattle. Mrs. Flitcraft came in and told us somebody had seen a man in Spokane who looked a lot like her husband. I went over there. It was Flitcraft, all right. He had been living in Spokane for a couple of years as Charles--that was his first name--Pierce. He had an automobile-business that was netting him twenty or twenty-five thousand a year, a wife, a baby son, owned his home in a Spokane suburb, and usually got away to play golf after four in the afternoon during the season.”
Spade had not been told very definitely what to do when he found Flitcraft. They talked in Spade's room at the Davenport. Flitcraft had no feeling of guilt. He had left his first family well provided for, and what he had done seemed to him perfectly reasonable. The only thing that bothered him was a doubt that he could make that reasonableness clear to Spade. He had never told anybody his story before, and thus had not had to attempt to make its reasonableness explicit. He tried now.
“I got it all right,” Spade told Brigid O'Shaughnessy, “but Mrs. Flitcraft never did. She thought it was silly. Maybe it was. Anyway, it came out all right. She didn't want any scandal, and, after the trick he had played on her--the way she looked at it--she didn't want him. So they were divorced on the quiet and everything was swell all around.
“Here's what had happened to him. Going to lunch he passed an office-building that was being put up--just the skeleton. A beam or something fell eight or ten stories down and smacked the sidewalk alongside him. It brushed pretty close to him, but didn't touch him, though a piece of the sidewalk was chipped off and flew up and hit his cheek. It only took a piece of skin off, but he still had the scar when I saw him. He rubbed it with his finger--well, affectionately--when he told me about it. He was scared stiff of course, he said, but he was more shocked than really frightened. He felt like somebody had taken the lid off life and let him look at the works.”
Flitcraft had been a good citizen and a good husband and father, not by any outer compulsion, but simply because he was a man who was most comfortable in step with his surroundings. He had been raised that way. The people he knew were like that. The life he knew was a clean orderly sane responsible affair. Now a falling beam had shown him that life was fundamentally none of these things. He, the good citizen-husband-father, could be wiped out between office and restaurant by the accident of a falling beam. He knew then that men died at haphazard like that, and lived only while blind chance spared them.
It was not, primarily, the injustice of it that disturbed him: he accepted that after the first shock. What disturbed him was the discovery that in sensibly ordering his affairs he had got out of step, and not into step, with life. He said he knew before he had gone twenty feet from the fallen beam that he would never know peace again until he had adjusted himself to this new glimpse of life. By the time he had eaten his luncheon he had found his means of adjustment. Life could be ended for him at random by a falling beam: he would change his life at random by simply going away. He loved his family, he said, as much as he supposed was usual, but he knew he was leaving them adequately provided for, and his love for them was not of the sort that would make absence painful.
“He went to Seattle that afternoon,” Spade said, “and from there by boat to San Francisco. For a couple of years he wandered around and then drifted back to the Northwest, and settled in Spokane and got married. His second wife didn't look like the first, but they were more alike than they were different. You know, the kind of women that play fair games of golf and bridge and like new salad-recipes. He wasn't sorry for what he had done. It seemed reasonable enough to him. I don't think he even knew he had settled back naturally into the same groove he had jumped out of in Tacoma. But that's the part of it I always liked. He adjusted himself to beams falling, and then no more of them fell, and he adjusted himself to them not falling.”
─ 1. 이전 검색: http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2017/11/flitcraft-parable.html
─ 2. 발췌 (excerpt): 출처, "G In The Air," in his Maltese Falcon
Spade had not been told very definitely what to do when he found Flitcraft. They talked in Spade's room at the Davenport. Flitcraft had no feeling of guilt. He had left his first family well provided for, and what he had done seemed to him perfectly reasonable. The only thing that bothered him was a doubt that he could make that reasonableness clear to Spade. He had never told anybody his story before, and thus had not had to attempt to make its reasonableness explicit. He tried now.
Flitcraft/Pierce expressed no apparent remorse, pointing out to Spade that his previous family was well provided for. Nonetheless, Flitcraft/Pierce was anxious to relay to Spade an explanation, as he'd never told anyone what happened. (Chapter 1, in Mihir Desai, Wisdom of Finance)
Anxious has a long history of use as a synonym for eager, but some prefer that anxious be used only to describe those who are worried or uneasy, as in the sentence He's anxious about his upcoming surgery. The acceptability of anxious to mean eager has been increasing, however. In our 1999 survey of the Usage Panel, 47 percent approved of the sentence We are anxious to see the new show of British sculpture at the museum, whereas in 2014, this sentence was acceptable to 57 percent of panelists. The acceptability was higher for this usage in a sentence about a situation with a tinge of uneasiness: After a four-hour bus ride, the children were anxious to get outside (acceptable to 69 percent of the Panel in 1999 and 78 percent in 2014). Although resistance to the use of anxious to mean eager is waning, writers should be aware that there are still those who frown upon using the word in situations where no anxiety is present.
요약: anxious to V는 초조와 불안이 개입되지 않는 상황에서 열렬한 욕구/욕망만을 표현하는 데 쓰지 않는 것이 좋다.
※ 발췌 (excerpts):
출처 1: Conceptual Structures: Applications, Implementation and Theory (1995)
2.2 A new approach
We propose a new approach to conceptual clustering, called COING, which consists in searching a concept hierarchy of a set of objects through a space of concept hierarchies ^explicitly^ built: the Generalization Space. This approach is based on a representation of complex objects using conceptual graphics [28]. We will first introduce some terminology and an example used along this article.
Knowledge representation. Our work being related to the MSG developed by Mineau [25], we have considered the same restrictions on the conceptual graphs: existential graphs where only binary relations are used. Such graphs may be decomposed without ambiguity as a set of triplets 〈concept 1, relation, concept 2〉. We call conceptual arc or arc such a triplet of a conceptual graph. Throughout this paper, we will use as an example a set of objects to be clustered (see figure 2). This set of objects, taken from [14], provides a good example of an application of our approach in spite of the fact that the objects do not require the full expression power of the conceptual graphs formalism. In this example, we represent each object using conceptual graphs; figure 3 presents the representation of an object.
─. 이전 검색과 발췌:
우리의 원래 연구로 되돌아가 본다면, 죄책감과 개인적인 의무감은 이미 우리가 살펴본 바처럼, 존재하는 가장 오래되고 가장 근원적인 개인 관계에, 즉 구매자와 판매자, 채권자와 채무자 사이의 관계에 그 기원을 두었다. 즉 여기에서 우선 개인이 개인과 상대하였으며, 여기에서 우선 개인이 개인과 서로 견주었던 것이다.
아무리 저급한 문명이라 하더라도 이러한 관계가 약간이나마 드러나지 않은 문명이 발견되지 않은 적은 아직 없었다. 값을 정하고 가치를 측정하며 등가물을 생각해 내서 교환하는 일─이러한 것은 어떠한 의미에서는 사고 그 자체라 할 수 있을 정도로 인간의 가장 원초적 사고를 지배하고 있었다. 여기에서 가장 오래된 종류의 명민성이 개발되었고, 마찬가지로 여기에서 인간의 자긍심이나 다른 동물에 대한 우월감의 싹이 최초로 키워진 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 아마 '인간Mensch(manas)'이라는 우리의 단어 또한 바로 이러한 자부심 같은 것을 표현하는 것이리라. 인간이란 가치를 재고 평가하고 측정하는 존재로, ‘평가하는 동물 자체’로 특징지어졌다.
구매와 판매는 그 심리적인 부속물과 아울러 심지어 어떠한 종류의 사회 조직이나 사회 집단의 시초보다도 더 오래된 것이다. 오히려 교환, 계약, 죄, 권리, 의무, 보상 등의 싹이 되는 감정은, 힘과 힘을 비교하고 재며 헤아려보는 습관과 더불어, 개인의 권리라는 가장 초보적인 형태에서 가장 조야하고 가장 원시적인 공동체 복합체(이것을 다른 유사한 복합체와 비교해 볼 때)로 옮아갔다. 이리하여 인간의 눈은 이제 이러한 관점에 초점을 맞추게 되었다. 움직이기는 어렵지만 일단 움직이기 시작하면 단호하게 같은 방향으로 계속 나아가는 고대 인류의 사고에 특유한 저 굼뜬 일관성으로, 사람들은 곧바로 '어느 사물에나 가격이 있다. 모든 것에는 대가가 치러질 수 있다'고 뭉뚱그려 일반화하게 되었다. 이것은 정의에 관한 가장 오래되고 가장 순진한 도덕규범이며, 지상에서의 온갖 '선량함', 온갖 '공정성', 온갖 '선의', 온갖 '객관성'의 시작이었던 것이다. 이러한 최초의 단계에서 정의란 거의 동등한 힘을 가진 사람들끼리 서로 타협하고 조정을 통해 다시 '합의'를 보려는 선의이며, 그리고 보다 힘이 떨어지는 사람들에 관련해서는 그들끼리 조정에 이르도록 강요하는 선의이다.
우리의 연구 과정을 다시 시작해본다면, 죄의 감정과 개인적인 의무의 감정은 이미 우리가 보아왔듯이, 그 기원을 존재하는 가장 오래되고 근원적인 개인 관계에, 즉 파는 자와 사는 자, 채권자와 채무자의 관계에 두고 있다 : 여기에서 비로소 개인이 개인과 상대했으며, 여기에서 비로소 개인인 스스로를 개인과 견주었다. 이러한 관계를 이미 인정할 수 없을 정도로 저급한 문명은 발견된 적이 없다. 값을 정하고 가치를 측정하고 등가물을 생각해내며 교환하는 것─이것은 어떤 의미에서 사유라고 할 수 있을 만한 인간의 원초적 사유를 미리 지배하고 있었다 : 여기에서 가장 오래된 종류의 명민함이 길러졌고, 마찬가지로 여기에서 인간이 다른 동물에 대해 가진 긍지나 우월감의 싹도 최초로 얻었다고 추정할 수 있을 것이다. 아마 '인간manas'이라는 우리의 용어도 바로 이러한 자기 감정의 그 무엇인가를 표현하는 것이리라 : 인간이란 가치를 재고 평가하고 측정하는 존재, ‘평가하는 동물 자체’로 묘사된다. 사고 파는 것은 심리적인 부속물과 더불어, 심지어는 어떤 사회 조직 형태나 집단의 시초보다 더 오래된 것이다 : 오히려 교환, 계약, 죄, 권리, 의무, 보상 등의 감정의 싹은, 동시에 힘과 힘을 비교하고 측정하고 계산하는 습관과 더불어, 개인의 권리라는 가장 초보적 형식에서 이제 가장 조야하고 원시적인 사회 복합체 (다른 유사한 복합체와 비교하여)로 ^이행^했다. 눈에 이제 이러한 관점에 초점을 맞추게 되었다 : 움직이기는 어렵지만 일단 움직이기만 하면 단호하게 같은 방향으로 계속 나아가는 고대인의 사유에 특유한 저 둔중한 일관성으로, 곧 "어느 사물이나 그 가격을 지닌다. 모든 것은 대가로 지불될 수 있다"는 중요한 일반화에 이른 것이다.─ 이것은 정의의 가장 오래되고 소박한 도덕의 규준이며, 지상에서의 모든 '호의', 모든 '공정', 모든 '선한 의지', 모든 '객관성'의 발단이다. 이러한 최초 단계에서의 정의란 거의 동등한 힘을 지니고 있는 사람들 사이에서 서로 타협하고 조정을 통해 다시 '합의'하려는 좋은 의지이다.─ 그리고 힘이 열등한 자에 관해 말하자면, 그들 상호간에 조정할 수 있도록 강제하는 선한 의지인 것이다.─
To resume the path of our enquiry, the feeling of guilt, of personal obligation has, as we saw, its origin in the oldest and most primitive personal relationship there is, in the relationship between seller and buyer, creditor and debtor. Here for the first time one person moved up against another person, here an individual measured himself against another individual. We have found no civilization still at such a low level that something of this relationship is not already perceptible. To set prices, to measure values, to think up equivalencies, to exchange things—that preoccupied man’s very first thinking to such a degree that in a certain sense it’s what thinking itself is. Here the oldest form of astuteness was bred; here, too, we can assume are the first beginnings of man’s pride, his feeling of pre-eminence in relation to other animals. Perhaps our word “man” (manas) continues to express directly something of this feeling of the self: the human being describes himself as a being which assesses values, which values and measures, as the “inherently calculating animal.” Selling and buying, together with their psychological attributes, are even older than the beginnings of any form of social organizations and groupings; out of the most rudimentary form of personal legal rights the budding feeling of exchange, contract, guilt, law, duty, and compensation was instead first transferred to the crudest and earliest social structures (in their relationships with similar social structures), along with the habit of comparing power with power, of measuring, of calculating. The eye was now adjusted to this perspective, and with that awkward consistency characteristic of thinking in more ancient human beings, hard to get started but then inexorably moving forward in the same direction, people soon reached the great generalization: “Each thing has its price, everything can be paid off”—the oldest and most naive moral principle of justice, the beginning of all “good nature,” all “fairness,” all “good will,” all “objectivity” on earth. Justice at this first stage is good will among those approximately equal in power to come to terms with each other, to “come to an agreement” again with each other by compensation—and in relation to those less powerful, to compel them to arrive at some settlement among themselves.—
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